Project Risk Management - Fluidity in Risk Planning Case...

Risk Paper 2 Project Risk Management- Professor Hurst Fluidity in Risk Planning – A Case Study One of the most important steps within a project is risk management because it plans for and responds to risks that impact the overall project deliverables including budget and timeframe. Risk management is used to mitigate risk in ways that align with each individual risk and its potential impact. During the risk management process risks are identified and defined and a plan to control, monitor and eliminate them is created. Risks from all areas are brought up during these brainstorming sessions of the risk management planning phase and are planned for accordingly. The work breakdown structure of the project is used as a guide when†¦show more content†¦Phase one was a simpler stage of the case study because it consisted of brainstorming and risk identification without taking into consideration the positive or negative impacts a third party would have. This does not mean that it didn’t plan for those as phase two was to follow once tender submissions were received. Ph ase two, however, had a more compelling assessment of risk because it had a map already outline and it just needed to follow it to arrive at the best possible location or situation. The first phase identified risk assessment formulas to quantify the risks; it created a baseline of risks and audit proof steps to follow. With those results in mind, the second phase was more concrete because it followed the steps set forth by the first phase, analyzed the impact of the actions of the tenderer on the baseline risks, assessed those, ranked them and then assigned numerical values using the formula set forth in the first phase. These two cases are so much alike yet they are so different as well. They are alike because they use the same process to identify and rank risks but their baselines are different. The first case, phase one, started with a blank slate using the WBS to identify risks while the second case, phase two, used the baseline set forth by the first phase and used the WBS to e xplore new ways and their impacts on the overall project. Both phases of this case study are crucial in risk management projects and are enforceable whether aShow MoreRelatedPortfolio Management: Scott Paper Case Study1220 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Case Study Q1. What elements of project portfolio management are currently in place in the process to develop new products for Scott Paper? As its name implies, project portfolio management groups projects so they can be managed as a portfolio, much as an investor would manage his stocks, bonds and mutual funds (Solomon 2002:1). As an international paper purveyor, Scott Paper sells a wide range of products in a variety of markets. To manage new product development, it analyzes projects accordingRead MoreSometimes a Simple Change Isnt so Simple Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesCase Study - Sometimes a Simple Change Isn’t So Simple Regina Pierson Berkeley College School of Graduate Studies November 22nd 2015 Introduction Central Hospital in Tempe, Arizona decided to implement a computerized Medication Administration Record (MAR) into one of their small locations before rolling it out to the entire organization. Art Baxter, the Chief Information Officer in charge of Medical Information Systems (MIS) at Central Hospital assigned Kate Cohen, a programmer andRead MoreSelf-Management Team Description2786 Words   |  11 PagesSelf-management team description A self-managed team is a team where the responsibility in ensuring that the targets are met by effective work by holding collective responsibility. Commonly within companies that use this system of managing, will have a common goal to be achieved by the use of broad frameworks and aims. Self-management features When the team is being set up companies will give the members of the self managed team two parameters; levels of responsibility and autonomy. This givesRead MoreThe Structure and Function of the Change Management5877 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE LEADERSHIP COUNCIL FEBRUARY 2003 www.corporateleadershipcouncil.com Fact Brief Structure and Function of the Change Management Team Profiled Institution A B C D E F G H Industry Retail Financial Services Financial Services Transportation Utility Financial Services Manufacturing Automotive Employees 10,000 – 50,000 10,000 – 50,000 5,000 – 25,000 25,000 – 75,000 1,000 – 10,000 15,000 – 50,000 10,000 – 50,000 More than 100,000 Revenues $500 million-$1 billion Less $500 million MoreRead MoreCreative and Innovative Management7484 Words   |  30 Pages |   | |Understand the importance of |Evaluate current creative and innovative | | |creative and innovative management |management processes in an organization | | |in organizations | | | Read MoreOrganisational Change Management4167 Words   |  17 PagesORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT — THE NEW IMPERATIVE Dr. Abhishek Raizada (Assistant Professor, School of Business) Mobile No: 9811653559 Email raizadaabhishek78@gmail.com Name of the college: Galgotias University, Greater Noida S.K.Verma (Assistant Professor Dep. Of management studies) Mobile No: 9818326032 Email Id:subhashverma29@rediffmail.com Name of the college: Galgotia College of Engineering Technology Greater Noida.      ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT — THE NEW IMPERATIVE Read MoreMotorola Corporation: a History of Quality Management2832 Words   |  12 PagesMOTOROLA CORPORATION – A HISTORY OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT Ivan Ortiz Illinois Ensign85@yahoo.com 630-699-3264 GM 588 Managing Quality Instructor Robert Lee August, 2011 Keller School of Management Introduction The Motorola Corporation was founded in 1928 when its’ Owners Paul and Joseph Galvin decided to start a business in the area of battery storage. Paul was interested in improving on the technological advances that had taken place to date in that field. As a result, his motivation andRead MoreThe Challenge of Breakthrough Innovations4388 Words   |  18 Pagesin its product concept but fundamentally new technology was not used in its creation (Mascitelli 2000). Mascitelli in line with other authors (Lynch 1998) perceives a breakthrough innovation as â€Å"any creative and original action by individuals or project teams that enables firms to capture at least or temporary monopoly profits or that results in a significant increase in market share† (Mascitelli 2000). Academic disunity in the notion of breakthrough vs. incremental innovation can be well explainedRead MoreSociology of Tourism - Pro Poor Tourism6314 Words   |  26 Pagesbe from a wide variety of age groups (2 0–64), but predominantly from pre-family and empty-nester life-stages †¢ The ‘ethically aware’ (11%) were mainly concerned with environmental impacts of tourism, but also aware of socio-cultural issues and the risk of negative impacts. They were predominantly young (25-44) affluent Source: Mintel 2001b †¢ Climatic Environmental forces have a very large impact on PPT, especially European travellers, as defined by the dramatic increase over the years toRead MoreSociology of Tourism - Pro Poor Tourism6321 Words   |  26 Pagesbe from a wide variety of age groups (20–64), but predominantly from pre-family and empty-nester life-stages †¢ The ‘ethically aware’ (11%) were mainly concerned with environmental impacts of tourism, but also aware of socio-cultural issues and the risk of negative impacts. They were predominantly young (25-44) affluent Source: Mintel 2001b †¢ Climatic Environmental forces have a very large impact on PPT, especially European travellers, as defined by the dramatic increase over the years to (for

Essay The Southeast Native Americans Cherokees and Creeks

The Native Americans of the southeast live in a variety of environments. The environments range from the southern Appalachian Mountains, to the Mississippi River valley, to the Louisiana and Alabama swamps, and the Florida wetlands. These environments were bountiful with various species of plant and animal life, enabling the Native American peoples to flourish. â€Å"Most of the Native Americans adopted large-scale agriculture after 900 A.D, and some also developed large towns and highly centralized social and political structures.† In the first half of the 1600s Europeans encountered these native peoples. Both cultures encountered new plants, animals, and diseases. However, the Indians received more diseases compared to the few new diseases†¦show more content†¦They crafted various items like hickory bows, canoes, baskets, drums, and farming tools. The Creeks traded with other tribes like the Cherokee and Natchez, and traded with colonials, â€Å"they used the Choc taw trade language.† â€Å"The Creeks struggled to retain their homes, and their innate intelligence, had acquired the rudiments of the white man’s culture and were making progress in civilized ways.† This however was not enough for the Creeks to keep their lands. In their first loss, in 1814 the Creeks lost 23,000,000 acres of land in the Treaty of Horseshoe Bend. Then â€Å"in 1825 13 chiefs ceded all remaining lands to the state of Georgia.† The 1830 Removal Act called for total Indian removal, and in 1836 the government began its forceful removals to the area around the Arkansas River. Some 14,000 Creeks were removed from their lands, and of those â€Å"nearly 4,000 died during their trip.† â€Å"In 1971 the Creeks in Oklahoma began to reorganize into the Muscogee Nation.† Today the Creeks call the area in and around Okmulgee Oklahoma home. This land is made up of some 143,000 acres. In addition the Creeks also have a small patch of land in their native Alabama of 213 aces. Their population today is roughly a little over 40,000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau. However, the number of those from pure Creek decent is probably a lot less. The Cherokee, another of the Five Civilized Tribes, was regarded this way because they lived in similar ways to Americans. TheShow MoreRelatedAmerican Eugenics : The United States1183 Words   |  5 Pagesall heard of concentration camps, but we think about the Germans and the Jew. We usually never think of the Native Americans as being part of any type of concentration camps. But unfortunately they were. Back when the Germans started construction on their own camps in 1933 they based some ideas of them on some of the United States Civil War camps, the ending resolution was based on American Eugenics programs that were already working in the United States. 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The inhabitants of the South were irritated much more than others because they had to import and export much more than people working in factories in the North. One of the main supporters for the nullificationRead MoreThe Philosophy of the American Settlers Westward Expansion Leads to Expulsion of the Native Americans1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe people of the United States who were settling westward in the early nineteenth century viewed the Native Americans as a threat to westward expansion, and therefore pressured their leaders to set up policies that would remove Indians. Due to the long history various conflicts between Indians and Americans, the American settlers were apprehensive toward the Indians, leading to the perceived need of the removal of the Indians for their safety. Andrew Jackson’s negative attitude toward of the IndiansRead MoreGone With The Wind By Margaret Mitchell1279 Words   |  6 Pagestimes African Americans think they’ll get closer to being completely in unity without any racism or social separation, they still have to deal with the ugly situation that not everybody will be accepting of them and if it’s their choice to live in the United States, then they have to deal with that fact. That would explain the couple in the silhouettes on the left. They are close but they are not joining and do not become one. Maybe Walker thinks that true social unity of African Americans and CaucasiansRead MoreNative American Tribes Amid The Civil War1861 Words   |  8 PagesIn relating the account of Native American tribes amid the Civil War, a large portion of the examination concentrates on the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast: the Cherokees, the Streams, the Choctaws, the C hickasaws, and the Seminoles. A large number of the essential records, for example, letters. Also, speeches that survived the War are written in English. Since the bigger tribes, for example, the Cherokees and Brooks, favored the Alliance, the lion s share of exploration has fundamentallyRead More History of Cherokee Culture and Food Essay2148 Words   |  9 Pagesthere was a United States of America, there were tribes of Native Americans living off the land. In the southeastern part of the country, the largest group of Native Americans were the Cherokee people (Boulware, 2009). Cherokees are networked through vast kinship lines that separates them from other tribes in the region (Boulware, 2009). They once occupied a territory that ran throughout the Appalachian Mountains (Boulware, 2009). 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Macbeth Trace the progress of Lady Macbeth from Fiend

Macbeth: Trace the progress of Lady Macbeth from Fiend-like Queen to a pathetic suicide Essay It is Malcolm at the end of the play who calls Lady Macbeth a Fiend-like Queen but in fact it is not until just before Act 3 that Lady Macbeth actually becomes Queen. So the full description of a Fiend-like Queen can not strictly apply until Act 3. However the idea of her being Fiend-Like can apply from the moment at which we meet her in Act 1 Scene 5. Even from the start when we first meet her she displays Fiend-Like qualities. She is always hinting, maybe indirectly that Macbeth should kill King Duncan. Macbeth it seems wants to be king, but only by honest means. It is Lady Macbeth that persuades Macbeth to kill Duncan. Evidence of Lady Macbeth being Fiend-like is found when she summons spirits to help her. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty. This means that she wants spirits of darkness to come and take her weak womanly qualities and replace them with bitterness, wickedness, and cruelty from head to toe. She doesnt want to be laidened with guilt after. We will write a custom essay on Macbeth: Trace the progress of Lady Macbeth from Fiend-like Queen to a pathetic suicide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to hide his thoughts and feelings to look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. At this point in the play we only receive a slight hint of instability with her calling upon evil spirits as she is not able to commit the deed herself. Lady Macbeth believes that Macbeth is too full oth milk of human kindness she thinks that Macbeth does not have the guts to do it. In act 1 scene 7 Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to kill Duncan. She does this by dwelling and attacking Macbeths masculinity. When you durst do it, then you were a man She calls him a coward. It is only in this scene that the murder is discussed openly. The way she manipulates him shows her to be truly Fiend-like. In act 2 scene 2 it is Lady Macbeth that takes charge. It is here where we get the hints of weakness as Lady Macbeth says that she would kill Duncan if she were a man. Also she would have killed Duncan if he didnt look like her father when he was asleep, for she says Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. this all gave the impression of her underlying instability, that she is making excuses for not going through with the murder. Another point that shows Lady Macbeths underlying instability is that she is very easily startled and very jumpy. Hark peace! it was the owl that shrieked. Hark is used quite often within the scene to show how unnerved she is. Although she dismisses Macbeths worries and misgivings she is still cautious and aware that they could be discovered at any time. It is quite ironic in some ways how after the murder it is Lady Macbeth that tells Macbeth to wash his hands and everything will be alright. A little water clears us of this deed. Yet it is Lady Macbeth that has nightmares that involve her washing her hands, Act 5 Scene 1. Act 3 Scene 1 is where you get the hint that Lady Macbeth has less influence over Macbeth as he decides on his own to arrange Banquos murder. Macbeth is not confiding in his wife anymore, she is being distanced from him. It is in Act 3 Scene 2 that I think is the real turning point for both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth as they are like a pair of scales. It was Lady Macbeth who was strong and Macbeth who was weak but now it is Lady Macbeth who is weak and Macbeth who is strong. .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .postImageUrl , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:hover , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:visited , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:active { border:0!important; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:active , .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770 .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub978209be8d93c6f0c24d233ffb8e770:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: MACBETH Essay SummaryIt is in this scene that Lady Macbeth asks herself if it was all worth it as now it is having a profound effect on her marriage. Naught had, alls spent, where our desire is got without content. Lady Macbeth is shown to be truly fiend-like when she says Whats done is done? showing no remorse, being very strong. Lady Macbeth is also shown as being very strong in Act 3 Scene 4 when she steps in and takes control of the banquet when Macbeth take a break from reality with Banquos ghost. Between then and Act 5 Scene 1 Lady Macbeth is not mentioned. We are not entirely sure how much time elapses. However with the discussions of Malcolm and Macbeth we are led to believe that it is more than just a few days. It is here in Act 5 Scene 1 that we see Lady Macbeth sleepwalking as a result of the event haunting her mind. Again it is quite ironic as Lady Macbeth tells the doctor her secrets and she earlier told Macbeth that she would rather kill her children than break a promise and Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this. It is not very surprising to the audience that Lady Macbeth turns to suicide as her mind is just plagued with images of the murder. Even the doctor in Act 5 Scene 1 he says that he cannot cure her This disease is beyond my practice. Yet I have known those which walk in their sleep who have died holily in their beds. He then says in Act 5 Scene 3 that she is not physically ill but she is sick within her own mind. She then dies in Act 5 Scene 5. W e do not get to see the suicide itself but just hear a cry. It is easy to consider Lady Macbeth a strong woman who goes to pieces as she is distanced from her husband. Similarly some would blame her for encouraging Macbeth on his bloody path. However a close examination of the text reveals signs of her weaker side from the outset and rather than seeing her as Fiend-like we perhaps look on her as a woman who forces herself to be strong so that her husband might achieve his ambition. Ultimately the strain and guilt of this strength proves too much for her to bear. The signs of her weakness are there throughout the play if we look costly for them.

Importance of Education Essay Example For Students

Importance of Education Essay Importance of Education BY checkmate What is education? Why do we need education in our lives? Like our great heroes said Education is the most important in our life. A gift of knowledge that cannot be stolen and can bring you to the top of your dreams/ Education Is Important, specially to those who cant afford to go to school because of their status In Life. We, the ones who are fortunate enough to get our education should give value and appreciation for it because it is the only treasure that our paving parents can give to us and education is the greatest treasure that can be achieved. Through education, one persons knowledge can be enhanced. Its like a seed on a fertile soil, that if the seed received enough sunlight, water and air, it will grow to a big tree that can give fresh fruits and shelter with clean air. In education, if you are willing to study in school, doing your homework, projects, and reading some smart stuffs, it will give knowledge to you and can bring you to the top of the world ND will help you reach your dreams. But if you dont have education, you will end up like a sleeping shrimp In a running river, who Just following the dusking of the water wherever the river will lead you. Educating the people can help ones country to grow. So while we are still young or for those who have children, lets give importance to our education and give the best way that we can to have it. Theres no young and adults in education as long as you are reaching for it, Its a goal.

Communism Or Democracy Essays - G20 Nations,

Communism Or Democracy Gradualism is naturally the most feasible approach to any situation. Since the fall of the iron curtain, these two Communist power houses have chose to move towards democracy. China has chosen to take the natural, more gradual approach to democracy where as Russia has chosen the fast-paced, more dangerous approach. These two nations have chosen to change their economies from a collectivized command one to a market oriented one in order to increase the standard of living in their countries. As we have seen in recent years, China is booming and becoming more and more successful, while Russia seems like it is regressing back to parochial ways. It is impossible to compare anything but Russia and China's approaches to change, and the results that incurred. The two nations have vastly different economies and to compare one economy to another would be illogical. China and Russia's approach to change are vastly different, almost like night and day. China's political and economic policy has always been to do things gradually. Whereas Russia believed in going through the necessary changes quickly, so that the hardship would in turn pass just as quickly. In the implementation of their policies, we have seen that China's approach has led to a 29% of growth in their industrial field. But in comparison, Russia only yielded 15% with their approach. But one must keep in mind that China has more industrial sectors than does Russia, so their job in improving industry is notably easier than Russia's feat in developing an industry. Politically, the two nations have the same policies that they held in their economies. China believes in gradually letting the people have more access to political freedom. And again, Russia's policy has been to flood them all at once with these new found freedoms. Unfortunately Russia's policy hasn't been the most naturally feasible approach again. Their people have been suddenly bombarded with all of these new found freedoms they have never experience before. They are like little children let loose in a candy store. There are all of these new things available to them, and most of the younger generation wants too try everything at once. All of these citizens experimenting with their new freedoms are creating political chaos. The Russian citizens don't have time to savor their new freedoms and are just trying to grab them from left and right. For they are probably afraid that if they don't take their freedoms quickly, they will leave as quickly as they came. On the other hand, China refuses to allow their citizens run the nation. Instead they are continuing to shun democracy. They refuse to have democratic elections, pro-democracy demonstrations, and still censor the press. They are still trying to maintain that wall that separates them from the rest of the world. From a democratic aspect, China's approach is appalling. China is refusing basic democratic rights that the Western nation citizens take for granted. China is under the misconception that they can give it's people little crumbs of freedom and keep them from wanting more. China's leaders think that they can keep controlling that many people for an undetermined amount of time, they don't realize that once the people know about a better life, nothing can stop them from pursuing that life also. So looking at Russia and China's political policies, it is safe to say that what is good for the economy may not necessarily be good for the people. When looking at evolution and physiology, one will also notice that changes naturally happen gradually. Over time, living organisms change and evolve, but the key ingredient is time.

Marajuana essays

Marajuana essays Marijuana, the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States, has four million regular users. Hemp, the plant that the drug marijuana is derived from, scientifically known as cannibas sativa, was first grown in 1611. The practice of smoking marijuana, however, did not begin until the 1920s, during a very intolerant time period of Americas history where the prohibition of alcohol was being considered. The first marijuana users happened to be the same users of opiate, mainly immigrants. Because of the negative connotation of immigrants, marijuana immediately became classified as a narcotic. A narcotic that possessed a psychological dependence, initiated crime, and caused insanity. For these reasons in 1937, congress established marijuana as an illegal drug in all fifty states. Surprisingly, not once was any research performed on marijuana and its effects during this time period (www.angelfire.com). For the past decade, the prohibition of marijuana has proved to be a c olossal failure; therefore, a new approach needs to be taken. Marijuana has even now surpassed corn as Americas cash crop. Judge Whitmann Napp stated, After twenty years on the bench I have concluded that federal drug laws are a disaster. It is time to get the government out of drug enforcement. (New York Times, May 14th, 1993). Medical uses, its safety compared to other drugs, and its legal benefits require its immediate legalization. Through research, doctors have found that marijuana possesses multiple medical uses. Prohibition is limiting its medical capabilities. Research demonstrates that marijuana contains therapeutic uses, including the ability to reduce nausea and vomiting, stimulate an appetite, promote weight gain, and diminish intraocular pressure from glaucoma. THC, Tetrahydrocannabino, the active ingredient of marijuana, decreases muscle spasticity and lessens tremors from spinal cord injuries and multiple scler...

Why are the division of labour and the factory so controversial Essay

Why are the division of labour and the factory so controversial - Essay Example Division of labour is an approach used in completion of tasks. This normally involves the breaking down of a complex task, into many simpler tasks, which are then handled by different workers. These workers work on the parts of the task, which they are specialized in; as these are the tasks, they are assigned. According to Sabel (1982), division of labour has both positive and negative influences on workers and factories. These effects are both social and economic in nature. The controversy surrounding division of labour in factories has however, been a historical issue. In this paper, I will focus on the works of different scholars, including Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor, Karl Marx, among many others, whose contributions to the concept of division of labour contributes to the controversial debate on the issue. I will compare and contrast their approaches used to address division of labour in factories, and its effects. Adam Smith first used the term division of labour, in his work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. He defined division of labor as the process in industries, where the process of manufacturing is divided into simpler and specific operations that are assigned to particular workers to handle. Smith supported the process of division of labour, citing that this process is capable of more productivity in a factory, compared to those factories that do not employ division of labour in their operations. He also attributes division of labour to the increase of judgment and skill level in workers (Smith 1976). Although Adam Smith was not responsible for coining the term division of labour, or the first to address the concept, his ideas and thinking on the effects of division of labour had an impact on the other thinkers that came after him, including Karl Marx (Hill 2004). Different thinkers show different perceptions toward division of labour, which are both positive and negative. Adam Smith was positive about division of lab our, but did not focus on the long-term effects of division of labour (Hill 2004). The contribution of Adam Smith to the effects of division of labour remains important today. He focused on the analysis of the benefits of this process, based on its approach of job specialization. Smith argued that division of labour was beneficiary to both factories and workers, as it boosted independence of workers (Hill 2004). Smith considered specialization detrimental to workers. Although this serves to reduce the quantity of work, Smith identified other negative effects of specialization. First, he argued that when a worker is restricted to only particular aspects of a job, this also restricts their natural inventiveness. Additionally, this impairs the worker’s physical capabilities (Smith 1976). This also limits their use of physical strength in performing different duties, since they are physically programmed to perform only specific duties. Smith also notes that, this turns workers in to automated machines, as like machines; they only have one line of duty to perform. Smith did not however, recommend any solutions. He believed that specialization was a natural process, which cannot be avoided by humans, but which humans can adapt to (Smith 1976: Hill 2004). Smith (1976) considered division of labour as responsible for propagating social inequality and exploitation of workers. When masters are in disputes with their workers, the workers are the losers. However, Smith believed that in specialization, workers had the opportunity to be their own bosses, therefore, also had the chance to leave work in the factories, and go